Virtue ethics Essay Example for Free

Virtue morals EssayToday the gird Procurement Commission began public hearings into what appears to be the biggest corruption scandal in the history of South Africa. use the Global Business Standards Codex and explain if and how the Defense Department used these principles, what they could have do differently if the Codex was applied GLOBAL BUSINESS STANDARDS CODEX. Fiduciary rationale (Diligence, Loyalty) Property principle (Protection, Theft) Reliability Principle (Contracts Premises, Commitments) Transp bency Principle (Thruthfulness, Deception, Disclosure, Objectivity) Dignity Principle (Respect for the Individual, Health and Safety, Privacy and Confidentiality, Use of Force, Associatiation Expression, Learning Development, Employment Security) pallidity Principle (Fair Dealing, Fair Treatment, Fair Competition, Fair Process) Citizenship Principle (Law Regulation, Public Goods, Cooperation with Authorities, Political Noninvolvement, Civic Contribution responsi veness Principle (Addressing Concerns, Public Involvement). LEARNING OBJECTIVES (TOPIC 3) After completion of this topic, you leave behind be able to 1. Describe the principal(prenominal) respectable theories and apply it to business scenarios iStockphoto. com/Dan Bachman ETHICAL THEORIES Three intents in history of ethics Greek period ( calciferol BC-AD 500) The man who performed his duties as a citizen = good man Greeks Man is the appraise of all things he decides for himself-importance what is discipline and wrong Socrates, Plato and Aristotle emphasised the need and importance of understanding the nature of goodness Stoics emphasised that goodness is pictorial to man, rightfulnesss of morality are the laws of nature rational and comprehensive to humankind reason.ETHICAL THEORIES Medieval period (AD 500 AD 1500) Attention was given to inner aspect of morality due to spread of Christianity Changed Greeks view that ethics is a part of politics The standard o f right and wrong was according to Gods law in the Bible and was against some(prenominal) doubts ETHICAL THEORIES Modern period (AD 1500 onwards) Individualism more important that priests p pass away and church principles Human liberty and human accomplishments more important than the Christian revelation The difference mingled with right and wrong was subjective, depending on the attitude of the soulfulness making the moral judgement ETHICAL CONCEPTS THEORIES. veritable by moral philosophers over generations to distinguish respectable from unethical behaviour Viewpoints from which guidance can be obtained along the pathway to a termination Each theory emphasizes different points in order to reach an ethically correct decision Theories are directed towards achieving a common situated of goals (Ethical principles) ETHICAL CONCEPTS THEORIES ethical motive DEFINED The domain of ethics is centrally concerned with human CHARACTER (the kind of people we are) and channeli se (how we relate to others) Three key questions comprise the focus of this domain 1. 2. What is good or bad for domain? What constitutes right or wrong conduct? 3.How ought we to live and treat others? ETHICS OF CONDUCTS CONSEQUENTIALISM The rightness/wrongness of an work on is determined by its consequences or results The right military action is the one that Promotes the greatest gaiety of the greatest frame (maximizes social utility) = Utilitarianism Produces results that maximise a souls selfinterest = Ethical Egoism CONSEQUENTIALISM UTILITARIANISM Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) Creator of Utilitarianism Goodness = human well- be what benefits is good and what impose on _or_ oppresss is evil Two concepts of importance Pleasure and throe governs our lives Pleasure makes life happier and pain makes it worse Utility net benefits.and usefulness produced by an action An action is right if the act is great than the sum total of utilities produced by any other act He donistic Calculus system to measure amount of pleasure and pain that an action produces CONSEQUENTIALISMUTILITARIANISM 7 Criteria Questions Asked 1. Intensity How intense/strong is the pleasure and excited satisfaction? 2. Duration How long will the pleasure last? 3. Certainty How certain am I that pleasure will occur?4. Propinquity How soon will the pleasure occur? How near is it? 5. birth rate How likely is it that this experience will cause more pleasure in the future? 6. Purity Is in that location any pain that accompanies this pleasure? 7. Extent How many people will be affected? CONSEQUENTIALISMUTILITARIANISM. bathroom Stuart Mill (1806-1873) qualitative separation of pleasures Bentham treats all forms of happiness as equal, whereas Mill argues that intellectual and moral pleasures (higher pleasures) are superior to more physical forms of pleasure (lower pleasures) Mills argument is that the simple pleasures tend to be preferent by people who have no experienc e with high art, and are therefore not in a prissy position to judge.CONSEQUENTIALISM ACT AND RULE UTILITARIANISM Rule Utilitarianism an action is right if it conforms to a set of masters which produce the greatest balance of pleasure over pain Act Utilitarianism an action is right if and further if it produces the greatest balance of pleasure over pain for everyone CONSEQUENTIALISM ETHICAL EGOISM Ones self is, or should be, the motivation and the goal of ones own action Three categories individual, personal, and universal ?An individual ethical egoist would hold that all people should do whatever benefits them ? A personal ethical egoist would hold that he or she should act in his or her self-interest, but would make no claims about what anyone else ought to do ? A universal ethical egoist would argue that everyone should act in slipway that are in their self-interest CONSEQUENTIALISM All is well that ends well, regardless of means used to produce results stamp out jus tifies the means NON-CONSEQUENTIALISM DEONTOLOGY Emphasis on rules, duty, rights Actions are right if they respect rules and wrong if they violate them Golden rule Do unto others as you would have them do unto you (human dignity, respect for people, obligation, duty) DEONTOLOGY. Morality and ethics are to be silent as systems of rules meant to govern and guide conduct Deontological ethical theories are agent-relative as opposed to agent electroneutral you have a duty If an action is of the wrong kind, it is forbidden, no matter how good its consequences are Rejects both(prenominal) Utilitarianism and Ethical Egoism DEONTOLOGY KANTIANISM Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Ends, not mere means dont treat rational agents (others or yourself) as mere objects to be used or exploited Categorical imperative everyone should be enured as a free person equal to everyone else (unconditional) Everyone has a moral right to such give-and- read and a correlative duty to treat others in thi s way Mustnt sacrifice the few nonetheless to benefit the many DEONTOLOGY KANTIANISM. Performing an action solely because it is our duty is what Kant refers to as a good will being good without qualification Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will it that it should become a universal law of nature offers consistency DEONTOLOGY indwelling LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS Another approach to Deontology and complementary to Kantianism Natural rights ? Right to freedom/ liberty freedom from coercive powerful rulers ? Right to ownership and property each person has a right to ownership over own body and own labour and is free to decide what will be done with what he or she owns, without interference NATURAL LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS. Moral rights by virtue of being human Each right has a corresponding duty and these duties may be perfect or imperfect Rights play an important role in business ethics stakeholders have rights Many rights all the same come in to conflict and it is difficult to decide whose rights receives priority (victims or criminals) DEONTOLOGY JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS Fair and equitable distribution of opportunities and hardships to all Ask how fairly benefits and costs are distributed to everyone regardless of power, position, wealth, etc. Seven categories ? suffusive Justice concerned with fair distribution of societys benefits and burdens ? Cooperation and competition taking a proper share of some good ? Procedual justice fair, decisive practices, procedures and agreements among parties DEONTOLOGY JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS.? Retributive Justice just botheration of punishment and penalties upon wrong-doers does the punishment fit the crime ? Compensatory justice compensating people for losings they have suffered when they were wronged by others losses due to Apartheid ? Corrective justice laws themselves as instruments of justice should be considered as just ?Distribution take into account who has suffered an unfair share of the costs of a form _or_ system of government and others who have unfairly benefitted from a policy RAWLS PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE All social values liberty and opportunities, income and wealth, and the bases of self-respect are to be distributed equally unless inadequate distribution of any, or all of these values, is to everyones advantage.Two principles Basic freedoms Freedom of speech, liberty and pursuit of happiness Difference principle -There can be inequalities as long as it makes the worst person go against off DEONTOLOGY The end doesnt justify the means. ETHICS OF CHARACTER ARISTOTELIANISM VIRTUE APPROACHES Examines a persons moral character and whether or not this exhibits virtue Aristotle a moral virtue is a habit that enables one to exercise reason in all actions Action of giving people goods they only deserve is justice (virtue) or giving too little/ too much is injustice (vice) Virtues are means to and constituents of happiness Virtue ethics makes being virtuous an essential element of leading a moral life SUMMARY ETHICAL THEORIES Utilitarian Model.? When confronted with an ethical dilemma Identify alternative courses of action Determine both benefits and harms of each alternative course of action for ALL stakeholders Most benefits and least harm to the greatest number of people ? The Utilitarian Model has a strong capitalistic orientation and supports clear maximisation Self-interest Rewarding hard work Weakness Focus Competition on result rather ? Focus of ethical behaviour is around than process which might be Organisational/ Public go goals unethical Efficiency Conflicts of interest ETHICAL THEORIES Moral Rights Model ? When confronted with an ethical dilemma Identify if any decision or behaviour violates the rights of an individual If it does, it is wrong Weakness Focus only ?Focus of ethical behaviour is around on individual Right to safety and not societal rights Right to subsist the tru th Right to privacy Right not to engage in behaviours that are contradictory to a persons moral or religious beliefs Right to freedom of speech ? Provides clear guidelines on moral individual rights ETHICAL THEORIES Justice Model ?When confronted with an ethical dilemma Identify if any decision or behaviour violates the rights of both individuals and groups If it does, it is wrong ? Focus of three principles Distributive Justice Principle ? Everyone demand to be treated the same, unless they differ in ways which are reliant to the situation Fairness Principle ? Obligations as a result of relationships Natural Duty Principle ? Accepting responsibility in shift for certain rights Any questions?