Vodun and the related Voodoo religions of the African culture Essay

Vodun and the related hoodooism religions of the Afri drop culture - Essay ExampleNone of the image of this great continent can claim absolute ownership regarding the origination of Voodoo. However the Voodoo in its present form had been originated in Haiti when the Europeans colonized the Hispaniola. The origination of Voodoo has strong connection and interlink with the merchant vessels of African slaves to the other parts of the world. When Africa first came under the European domination the Africans were readily started to be considered as cheap labor and worthy of transportation as slaves. The European colonists were confident that since these slaves belonged to different ethnic groups hence, they can never come together and build any resistance against their so called white rulers (Chesi, 6-7 Louis, 47). Interestingly Voodoo evolved as a phenomenon within unity in diversity. The continuous oppression of the European rulers and the misery of thrall created a common thread amo ng those who were oppressed and in search of salvation they created a religion that was a mix of different faiths and practises cumulatively referred as Voodoo (Christoph and Oberlander). The bourne Voodoo has evolved from the West African term Vodun and is a fusion of different beliefs that came from various African Ethnic groups namely Fon, the Nago, the Ibos, Dahomeans, Congos , Senegalese, Haussars, Caplaous, Mondungues, Mandinge, Angolese, Libyans, Ethiopians, and the Malgaches. (Voodoo)... Such rituals are a culmination of prayers, drumming, dancing, singing and animal sacrifice (Edwards, 296). Among many other animals ophidian holds the prime spot in Voodoo rituals. The importance of serpent in Voodoo rituals can be easily grasped through the event that the word Voodoo means the snake under whose auspices gathers all who share the faith (Voodoo). The serpent expresses his immense power through the Papa or Maman who is the high priest. Among all other deities Bon Dieu is co nsidered as around powerful and prime of them all. In Voodoo spirits are called Loa who on one hand controls breed Nature and on the other determines human fate through influencing their health, financial prosperity and happiness. Some central deities in Voodoo are Damballah, Ezil, Ogu, Agwe and Legba (Michel, 63 Owusu, 43). In Voodoo ceremony the spirit or the Loa occupies the somebody and body of the faithful participants and delivers his advice, warnings and desires through them. Voodoo is closely associated with nature and every possible natural phenomenon is considered to be the act of a Loa. In western culture there is a misconception regarding Voodoo dance that forms an authoritative part of any Voodoo ceremony (Owusu). Such dance as described by the western experts is sexual expression. In reality they are just the opposite these dances are spiritual expression and an render to get connected with the divine being. Unlike many other religions Voodoo is mainly based on pr actical experience and is deeply routed with the family and the community. An excellent example of that might be considering the dead ancestors as a part of the Loas (Rigaud, 50). Somewhere such belief is deeply routed with history

Marketing In Harvard Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing In Harvard Style - Essay ExampleIndividuals are exposed to tens of thousands of publicizings in a single day.With all these numerous adverts being bombarded at a single buyer,marketers craftily intention their campaigns in consideration to the consumers processing of these stimuli in order to make a purchase decision. In doing so, they encumber in mind what is called consumer perception or the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world (Kotler 2005). It is irrefutable that each individual processes stimuli differently because of personal differences. Thus, perception varies among individuals who descry the same thing. This is due to three perceptual processes known as selective guardianship, selective distortion, and selective retention.Selective attention refers to the ability of the consumers to notice and to be attracted only be advertisements which appeal to them. With all massi ve amount of advertisement each day, customers are only captivated by those which are relevant to them. It is found out that the advertisement which catches customers attention are those stimuli which represents their current need, those which they anticipate, and those whose deviation are large in relation to the normal sizing of stimuli (Kotler and Armstrong 2001). For example, an ad which features beauty products which inhibits oil production will irrefutably attract one who is searching for one. Likely, if the ad is rigid in a health and beauty specialist, the customers are expected to notice. And lastly, bigger discounts are more promising to be taken note of than smaller ones. The next process is called selective distortion which refers to the tendency of customers to fold information into personal meanings (Kotler 2005) and interpret them according to their needs. It should be noted that the different background of the consumers enables them to interpret advertisements in their individual ways which is influenced by their social class, employment, and others. Lastly, selective retention refers to the customers remembering of their selected products good points while forgetting that of the competitors products advantages (Lynch 2003). As a marketer, advertisements are usually designed according to their intended market. Companies make advertisements which appeal to a precise target market by using celebrities, colors, and dramatic gear ups which will likely attract them. offering huge discounts are also other ways of capturing their attention. However, in selective distortion, there is nothing oftentimes that a marketer can do in order to influence buyers. Selective retention is facilitated by repeating the messages that they intend the buyer to learn. The key in advertising still, is the marketers understanding of customers which will perceive and realize them.Question 2. 1. A reference group consists of all groups with a direct (face-to face) o r indirect effect on all batchs attitudes or behaviors (Kotler 2005).2. The four types of reference groups include primary groups, secondary groups, aspirational groups, and disassociative groups. Primary groups which are those which have a direct influence on the person because of his continuous and informal interaction with them including his family, friends, neighbors, and co-workers. On the other hand, more formal relations which require less continuous interaction like spectral groups, trade associations, and professional are called secondary groups. Aspirational groups are those which the individuals aspires to have membership of while disassociative ones represents those which have determine or beliefs that a customer finds unacceptable (Kotler and Armstrong 2005). 3. Customers associate themselves with reference groups because of their want to be acceptable to the people within the group, they

Culture and Perceptions and Attitudes and Values Essay

Culture and Perceptions and Attitudes and determine - Essay ExampleCulture relates to the set of beliefs and traditions which is followed by a segment of a nations community and includes change polishs, corporate cultures as well as national and social cultures. It includes religious beliefs, norms, traditions, rituals etc that is specific to that particular untaught or region. The heathenish framework encompasses within its gamut, various other factors such as language, religion, values, attitudes, and educational qualifications that is droll to the nation and plays a significant role in influencing their purchase decisions. For instance, in the case of famous beverage marketing firm Captain Morgan rum the marketing management of the company perceived Hispanic antheral consumers as probable target audience to whom the product could be successfully marketed and sold.However, such a concept was held wrong since the Hispanics perceived the product as symbolizing domination and exploitation owing to the company logo of a pirate. This proves that the concept / idea that were appealing to the Anglos were found to be disgusting by the Hispanics owing to their cultural differences (Korzenny, 2005).In china, the year 2007 which was considered to be the year of the pig - a symbol of wealth and prosperity agree to their culture and traditions, all the advertisements related to pigs were banned. The move was mean to respect the religious sentiments of the 20 million risible Muslim population and was considered as a gesture of respect to their traditional values (The Sunday times, 2007). In the year 2005, Frances Catholic Church banned an advertisement (Appendix 2) featuring a popular clothing brand which was ground on Leonardo Da Vincis Christs last Supper since it hurt the religious sentiments of the Catholics world wide (BBC News, 2005).In 2004 China banned the Nike advertisement featuring LeBron James battling a cartoon kung fu master, alleging that it wa s a national insult and it hurt the hauteur of the nation (China daily, 2004). International Marketing can be better understood in terms of broad(prenominal) - context and low - context culture whereby it is argued that people belonging to the same set of backgrounds share a high degree of take careing of the concepts intended to be depicted in the advertisements and hence the need to explain or clarify the intentions is not recognized. High context culture largely relies on non verbal colloquy since it is fast and efficient within their group eliminating the need to explain or explicitly express the intended meaning, their behavior is predictable and is considered to be misinterpreted or incomprehensible by outsiders i.e., those belonging to the low context culture (Bennett, Blythe, Pp.44).These specific points related to high context and low context culture needs to be understood adequately since it holds utmost significance in terms of international marketing of products or services. It helps the marketers to better understand the targeted consumer groups and assist them in designing appropriate marketing campaigns suitable to their tastes and cultures. Peoples attitudes and values are also all-important(a) in ascertaining the appropriateness of the choice of marketing campaigns in accordance to the countrys cultural, national, political, economical and social

Play represents Asia Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Play represents Asia - Assignment ExampleThis paper will argue that the play hertz by O Tae-sok provides the audience with a unique image of Korea that consists of a number of unusual as well as traditional elements.To begin with, cardinal should define the concept of design of Asia. It would not be a mistake to point out that this region is extremely vast an diverse so, a comminuted explanation is needed. This pgraphicsicular play represents Korea a country which has retained some of its traditional ways of life, still has been following a socially accepted paradigm of development for a long time. Indeed, the piece of art in question might be viewed as a metaphor reflection into the past (Lee 211). In addition to that, the historical accuracy is what really makes this play moving (O 4). Thus, one is able to conclude that representation of a particular part of Asia is based on two elements depiction of traditional elements of culture as well as representation of aspects of socia l order.The uniqueness of topic that will be discussed is apparent from the very(prenominal) first lines of the play it puts great emphasis on the notion of indebtedness in the Korean society. in that location are several examples that might prove it. Thus, the main character has a relative who have survived a horrible fire and considers himself to be guilty of his luck. However, unlike Europeans who would celebrate this, every year he cuts his face, reminding himself that his compatriots died at the hands of the enemy, but he survived. A similar focus on the social duty is seen afterwards in the text when the main character confesses turning in his friend to police because he exercise medicine without license and had almost no knowledge about the topic. The dichotomy between friendship and duty is easily resolved in the Asian society in favor of the latter.Another point which shows a peculiar world of Asia focuses on the important place that is occupied by the bureaucrats in t he society. To begin with, one should note

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Analysis - Essay Examplether in the story A ingenuous Man is heavy(p) to Find does convey moral depravity and wavering through come forward the story, which emphatically comes out as an anathema to the Misfit, who irrespective of being a poisonous, does depict much moral consistency and commitment. remediate from the start of the story the Grandmother comes out as an individual, who doesnt mind manipulating and cheating her family members, irrespective of claiming a so called moral uprightness. She time and again tries to manipulate her son Bailey into going to Tennessee, just because she does not neediness to go on a trip to Florida. She even tries to scare away Bailey by intimidating him with the Misfit on the loose as she says I wouldnt take my children in any direction with a criminal like that aloose in it. I couldnt answer to my conscience if I did (OConnor 1). Even when she decides to join the family on their trip, she jilts them by hiding her cat in the car, just because s he knew that Bailey would not allow the cat on the trip. No doubt this very cat becomes the cause of the fateful accident that eventually ended up in a bloody tragedy. For the grandmother, morality is a ploy for manipulating and moving great deal, rather than being something that one actually practices and cherishes in ones life. She even goes to the extent of enticing the children with the idea of the hidden silver so as to make them force Bailey to turn on the dirt road that led to the mansion she so badly wanted to visit. The grandmother regards morality to be a matter of appearances and perceptions, instead of being a way of life.It is indeed true that the grandmother in the story A Good Man is Hard to Find is a moral chameleon who dons a moral persona to cheat others and to get people influenced by the perception of morality she creates. For instance one comes to know in the story that the grandmother firearm going on trip is immaculately dressed in impressive fineries just so that, In case of an accident, anyone

Any potential benefits and negative impacts of adopting the IFRSs for Coursework

Any potential benefits and prohibit impacts of adopting the IFRSs for the country - Coursework ExampleThe IFRS bridal move was encouraged by the 1995 European Commissions idea considerations (Accounting Harmonization New strategy with regard to global harmonization), however, it resulted from some more far reaching class for corporate reforming that was introduced by the government of Common Wealth under sponsorship of CLERP (The Cooperate law Sponsorship Program). The major conduct for adopting the standards for Australia was to enhance information quality on corporate performance. This paper looks at the benefits resulting from the adoption of the standards as s wellspring as any challenges, negative impacts or limitations that the country has faced in the implementation as well as maintenance of the International Financial Reporting Standards in Australia.Consistency- change IFRS will provide numerous bonuses to Australian companies. Among the most beneficial areas for adop ting IFRS is uniformity. Consistency happens to be the major reason why most companies as well as nations are currently adopting IFRS. In simple words, Australias adoption of IFRS provide the companies deep down the country internal uniformity, something, which reduces cost of reporting (Anna, 2013). As the key aim for IFRS is uniformity, it places every person at heart a similar level globally as far as preparing financial standards is concerned. For Australia, this will change firms to display financials at some similar levels as their international competitors.Better Capital Markets- through the adoption of IGRS, Australian companies are place within the international trade place. His helps in the promotion for new barter as well as well as assessing capital markets. Companies within the country will flummox a chance of being recognized to be an international player within the capital market (CYNTHIA, 2009).Improved international communication- adoption of IFRS by Australia will ensure reliable financial reporting. As a result, Australian large companies will be apply

Working with your own definition of culture, how important do you Dissertation

Working with your own definition of purification, how important do you call back culture is when considering change and innovation - Dissertation ExampleCulture and innovation 3 2.1 Definition of culture 3 2.2 Cultural turn on innovation 4 3. Own teaching situation 6 3.1 Classroom culture in lacquer realities in the classroom 6 3.2 MEXTs Top-down forceful reforms 7 4. Importance of considering culture and the need for innovation 7 4.1 Importance of culture for ELT innovation in Nipponese secondary side of meat education 8 4.2 Why Japan needs such a drastic innovation in English education 8 5. Suggestions for successful implementation of ELT innovation in Japan 8 5.1 Milder implementation of CLT 9 5.2 Adaptation not adoption 9 5.3 Intercultural competency 10 5.4 rehabilitation of yakudoku 10 6. Conclusion 11 References 12 Appendix 14 List of Figures Figure 1 metro to culturally incompatible ELT innovations 4 List of Tables Table 1 High and low context cultures 5 Abbreviations used ALT Assistant lecture Teacher CLT Communicative Language doctrine ELT English Language Training ESL English as a Second Language JET Nipponese Exchange and Teaching (Programme) JTE Japanese Teacher of English MEXT Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (of Japan) 1. Introduction Japan has been going through a period of major reforms in English language education over the past two decades with the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) attempting to promote the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) methodology. ... In the 1989 guidelines, it was declared that the development of students communicatory abilities in English was to become the focus of English language education in Japan (MEXT, 1989). The in vogue(p) reforms in 2008 introduced more drastic reforms favouring the adoption of CLT and instructing Japanese teachers to teach English by employ yet English in class. This innovation is set to be implemente d in senior high schools in April 2013 (MEXT, 2008). CLT is now widely accepted as a dominant methodology in second/extraneous language teaching in the West. But when imported into non-Western countries such as Japan, it has caused confusion and led to immunity by teachers and students alike. As with many other East Asian countries, Japan now faces a queen-size challenge in implementing CLT in actual classrooms (Littlewood, 2007). White (1995 118) asserted that if innovators take the beliefs, values and history of the surround culture into deeper consideration then the positive innovation they propose can usually stand a better chance at long-term acceptance. The discussion of the significance of culture in implementing innovation in English language education in this paper begins with defining culture and describing the characteristics of Japanese culture using the high-low context culture framework developed by Hall (1976). The writers own teaching experience at a senior high sc hool English class in Japan is then draw to provide insight into classroom realities in Japan and the impact of MEXTs reforms. This is followed by an analysis of the cultural influence on innovation and a discussion of how and why culture is an important consideration in English language education in Japan. It is hoped that the suggestions made thereafter will

Limited Brands INC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10500 words

Limited Brands INC - Essay usageLimited Brands INC The report get out commence with a brief preview of the federation after which it exit commence with the compendium of the high society on various angles. First, the company will conduct an internal analysis of the company to establish how internal factors affect or shape up the company. Secondly, the report will rivet on the external analysis that was carried out in order to establish how external factors influence the company and how the company has been forced to readjust or realign itself with the external factors. The third analysis of the company will focus on the financial aspect and in this regard, the report will analyze the companys financial ratios. It is important to note that these analyses were aimed at establishing key problems that the business faces and hinder it from prospering further.Findings from the analyses carried out showed that the company faced four critical problems that include dealing with poor br ands that makes the company less competitive in an industry revered for superior brands. The second problem that was established is lack of resources, which hinder it from competing competitively in the market. Third problem was inadequate technology within the company, which means that it is unable to decrease cost and hold up more efficiently. The fourth problem that was established was that the company presently suffers from positioning within the market, which reduces its ability to cope competitively.

Leadership interview business paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership interview business paper - Essay ExampleHe carried along on the same lines, often doing two jobs in a day to support his family and education. Davis have with a degree in electronics engineering and went ahead to do his MBA. Throughout his education, he was always works part-time to take care of his siblings and mother. Right now, he has his own small company which is growing at an enormous pace and is already perceived to become more successful. With such great experience and reputation aspects, I found him an ideal tin candidate for this interview. The questions I asked him wereHis answers to my questions were all very brief, yet highly powerful. on the whole of his answers were supported from practical knowledge and exposure and had no text-book touch to them. According to him, a leader is person who is standing in front of his bulk and controlling and directing them. A leader cannot be a person who sits in isolation in a corner. He needs to be there among people all the time. This is highly essential in gaining popularity and trust with his people. Having been a leader of a successful plaque since 8 years, he considers this to be the major difference between leaders and managers.I learnt that leadership traits do not occur in a person by birth but are developed, since childhood, with the serve up of the environment around. If, at a very young age, a person is thrown up with baffling obstacles and told to cross them, this develops leadership skills in him. Moreover, when a person assumes responsibility of something, be it a house, younger siblings or a company, he automatically assumes the role of a leader. He believes training and education cannot make a successful leader, but can only polish the existing leadership skills in a person. An pregnant point I learnt was that a leader needs to be loved by his people. The love can only come when the people trust him, respect him and are fond of him. A strict

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 16

Literature inspection - Essay ExampleThe study revealed that the patients wellbeing improved with better nurse staffing ratios such as skills and the hours of invent spent on the patients (Castle & Anderson, 2011). Nurse staffing is an imperative aspect in determining the quality of services offered in hospitals and patient come outcomes.Nurse Staffing Ratio and Quality Outcome in long-term c atomic number 18. I selected this topic because of the cosmea of research gaps on the topics investigating the existence of inefficient services in many health facilities and homec are out-of-pocket to understaffing.However, before examining the connection between clinical outcomes and nurse staffing, it is imperative to note that this research faces common challenges that are likely to crop up during the process of designing the staffing outcomes. For instance, the issue of getting suitable data sources that are reliable correct measures for patient outcome and staffing and the problem of establishing authentic linkages between the two variables to come out with valid conclusions.According to Spilsbury et al. (2011), nurse staffing is a primary responsibility of the hospital administrators. The researchers go ahead to locate budgetary constraint considerations and the nurse labor markets as some of the factors that influences nurse staffing ratios in hospitals. Moreover, according to the say-so nursing staff model the hours assigned to each staff in a subunit at heart the facility and nature of supervision form another set of elements that significantly influences the nurse staffing (Spilsbury et al., 2011).The quality of solicitude provided by the nurses is greatly influenced by the characteristics of the individual nurse such as fatigue, knowledge, and experience. The quality of care is also, modify by the system in which nurses work because it involves staffing levels and the needs of patient under care organization of confederate officers, their availabilit y, support services as well as

Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) Essay

fire Application for Federal savant Aid (FAFSA) - Essay ExampleMost people find this dispirit and confusing. The calculation of the ability to get aid based on individuals fiscal circumstances may circumscribe some students in getting financial aid and therefore it should be on merit and non on the size of assets owned by individuals and their families.The FAFSA form does not consider the financial challenges that near families exist in and therefore most family members find it intimidating. Therefore most families and students fail to go for higher direct of education like colleges, since it has over hundred questions and most of these questions be base on the financial benefit of parents and families. This becomes a limiting incidentor to students in need of financial aid.The Free Application for Federal Student Aid process faces challenges because it is ineffective in ensuring college completion by the students because of the complexities involved. Due to lack of financ es generous to sponsor education sector, the organizations using the FAFSA process imposes policies that make parents to start paying immediately the students are enrolled in the loans programme. This makes poor families strain even more and hence find themselves in a bad financial situation.Proposal have been made for the Free Application for Federal Student Aid form to be narrowed down to be user friendly but instead more questions were added to the already alive ones to help asses financial situations of students seeking loans and grants in or4der to finance their education. This is a challenging factor because, even if the questions are answered, it does not put into consideration of the high costs of living in various states in the nation.The fact that the accessibility of loans and grants are based on the credit worthiness according to the financial position of the families, most poor families find it

Introduction to Law and Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Law and Economics - Essay ExampleIn the light of this fact, Jennifer John-Yar Bukrs critique of wellness financial aid funding and the notions of the privatization of health disturbance assume a whole new message in the sense that even while affiliating to the provisions of the Canada Health Act 1984, it is viable and possible to manufacture the system more efficient and equitable by resorting to an affordable and efficient privatization of the spoken language of the health care services, thereby sparing resources that could be spent on other social imperatives like education and infrastructure. The way the Canadas health care system is burgeoning, it is bound to take a toll on the administration spending on other social welfare programs (Armstrong & Armstrong, 2008). The rate at which health care be are augmenting, it is getting quite evident that the territories and the provinces will need to allocate a significant fate of the budgets to healthcare, to th e detriment of other areas like infrastructure, education and social welfare. If one considers a 25 year horizon, the Canadian healthcare system is simply not sustainable unless a significant portion of the healthcare delivery is privatized to make the system more efficient (Armstrong & Armstrong, 2008). When it comes to the standards of health care, Canada tends to stand amongst some of the top nations of the world. Yet, equity in healthcare is an issue that is gaining marked relevance in the current debates on health care. The high standards of health care that are extended by the Canadian health care are not neighborly to all sections of the Canadian society. Though there are scarce financial barriers to health care in Canada, there do exist cultural and language barriers to health care in the nation (Armstrong & Armstrong, 2008). thereby if the healthcare system in a nation is not able to facilitate an equitable access, this gain augments the social barriers. In that context, the privatization of some specific feelings of the healthcare will readily help ameliorate the inequities subsisting in the health care system. Irrespective of the inefficiencies creeping into the health care system the salient aspect of the Canadian health care that makes it stand high above many other nations is the fact that Canada tends to compute access to healthcare as a right and not a commodity (Armstrong & Armstrong, 2008). However the mockery is that the right to health care is becoming such a gargantuan onus that it is impinging on the extension and provision of many other rights like education and social welfare. Thereby a partial(p) and efficiency oriented privatization of the delivery if not funding of the health care services could act as a viable way to divert more resources to other social imperatives. The nature of the health care in Canada is to a large extent imminent on the criterion resorted to for determining efficiency. However, in a pragmatic context th e efficiency in health care ought to be determined on the priming of the amount of resources and funding dedicated to the cause of healthcare to the quantum of services accrued and the volume of improvements facilitated in the health care system. In that context efficiency needs to be the determining factor in deciding as to the aspects of the heath

QI Initiative On Reducing Nosocomial Infections In Wards Essay

QI Initiative On Reducing Nosocomial infections In Wards - Essay ExampleNHSN is a public health surveillance system that Centers for Disease Control and cake (CDC) supports for its healthcare-associated infection (HAI) prevention program (Dudeck, et al, 2013). standardized contagious disease Ratio (SIR) is the National metric used to make comparisons of an observed chip of nosocomial infections in the finished US during a particular period with the national baseline experiences. For instance, the 5 year National Prevention Target which ends in 2013 stands at a 50% reduction in Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLBSI) in both intensive care unit (ICU) and wards located patients. This figure translates to a National Standardized Infection Ratio (SIR) for CLABSI=0.5. In other words, the national benchmark for nosocomial infections is SIR=0.5 as at 2013. It is far-famed that SIR is often adjusted based on a number of the predictor of CLABSI, which include teaching sta tus, perspective type, central line utilization, and bedside. The SIR data is vital in the sense that it indicates whether the infection rate is better, worse, or at the national benchmark. ... After exclamations about the fate of the large patient population who were seen to be ailing oftentimes from infections, the issue was finally brought to the attention of the top managers of the organization as well as clinicians. There was a final consensus among all the stakeholders that the rate of infections was too high and thus the need for immediate response to end the situation and finally bring the rates below average numbers. The problem of hospital-acquired infection looks solvable though it remains a nagging problem not only to Clinix but also to most hospitals crossways the globe. Nosomica infections are undoubtedly a major burden on all of us. They claim the significant number of lives as well as a large amount of money. A large number of patients generate to such nosocomia l infections from time to time and our management team did not want our cherished clients to traffic pattern part of that unfortunate statistics. The infection rate of SIR=2.9 was alarming for the stakeholders and as such, the entire management team snarl the entrenched need to reduce infection rates in the wards making it a priority for the organization. accord to the previous rates recorded by the organization concerning Nosocomial infections, the past two years remove recorded the highest infection rates, which stood at SIR=2.1 and 2.4 respectively. In fact, there was great concern that if this issue is not communicate in good time then there was the likelihood of higher prevalence in the future.

Libby-Broadway Drive-In, Inc. v. McDonalds System, Inc Case Study

Libby-Broadway Drive-In, Inc. v. McDonalds System, Inc - Case Study ExampleLibby sued McDonalds, alleging a breach of the exemption agreement.In this causal agent, the agreement is unenforceable because it was not made in the form essential by the formula of Fraud which is applicable law in this case. Said law provides that agreement which cannot be performed within a period of one year should be in writing and signed by the party to be charged of the its performance in order to be enforceable. The substance of the case, as quoted from this case is that if the plaintiffs would give up their options and would sell the other restaurant, McDonalds would provide them with two franchises of comparable size, location, and profit. The performance of the lay out required to be done by the plaintiff cannot be performed in one year, thus, the performance of the tariff of McDonalds cannot also be performed within one year because the performance of the latters obligation depends on the pe rformance of the correspond required from the plaintiff. Therefore, the said agreement should have been reduced into writing as required by the Statute of Law.Secondly, a contract of lease is also required in the agreement on the property where the franchise is to be established.

Memo- soaps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Memo- soaps - Essay ExampleAccording to the article the study has shown that some customers are not informed of existence of some brands. Some brand soaps like Lux, Dettol and Lifebouy comport a high demand and on the other hand, there is less demand for brands such as Dyna, Camay and Sach. The research involved administration of questionnaires.These articles have gone further to give projections on the sale of liquid soaps and antibacterial soap. Soap marketers are seek to come up with new brands to try and heighten the current slow growth soap gross revenue (Berger and Arthur 78).In Europe, tablet and liquid detergents account for the huge soap market. However, in US this is not the lesson as put by Kumra. The high cost of Raw materials has made the cost of the soaps to shoot. Cross-category branding has is a global strategy that has been used Dove and this has made its products to become competitive at global level.This memoranda has advised soap makers have to embrace efforts made on global branding and pay oversight to established and new products so as to meet consumers expectations. I would love to discuss this with you at your earliest

Statistics on Violent Crime Among UK Youth (2013) Project

On Violent Crime Among UK Youth (2013) - Statistics Project ExampleThe guard and Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) have different descriptions of what constitutes a cerise crime for example, the CSEW categorises robbery as a violent crime provided it was committed by a series of activities involving actual or threatened dishonor to the body of the victim. The police, however, leave out the crime from a list of violent crimes, mainly because in slightly cases manifest hysteria is not present.In addition, law enforcement agencies have also excluded murder and sexual violence from violent crimes for purposes of dealing the perpetrators commensurate punishments. Owing to the fact that 25% of all offences argon executed by juveniles, it is estimated that more half of the violent crimes in the United Kingdom in 2013 were committed by individuals who are between the ages of 16 and 25. Statistics indicate that members of the group engaged in more than a million cases of violent crimes in 2013 alone. The children and young adults, mostly in high school and colleges respectively were behind more than 50% of all homicides, robberies and burglaries (United Kingdom Defence & Security, 2014).The Home office findings indicate that the youth aged between 16 and 25 engaged in the highest incidences of violent crime. Generally, the Home Office established that the young criminals were to blame for more than 50% of violent crimes as demonstrated in figure and table 1. Their overall of one in two violent cases of crimes is greater than previous figures, which put the percentage at less one in four cases. Government statistics show that almost 20% of all juvenile youth first comprehended in 2004 continued their delinquent behaviour through 2013, with 16-year-olds being most likely to engage in repeat offences (Flatley, 2013). As such, the report indicates the youth crime estimates underscore the need of tackling deviance among juveniles in stray to reduce violent c rime.Reform of youth justice programs since 2003 have seen drastic decline in the prevalence of violent crime, especially for individuals who were subjected to detention, but a 2014 report published by the National Audit Office indicated reoffending rates had soared, especially among the youths subjected to community service as punishment for their violent criminal behaviour in the past (Government of the United Kingdom, 2013).

Customer Relationship Management and Systems Essay Example for Free

Customer consanguinity Management and Systems Essay1. What concepts in this chapter argon illustrated in this case?Symantec Corporation started come out of the closet with good intentions. unawares after acquiring Veritas it began an ERP rollout that was designed to standardize and unify the Symantec and Veritas reading systems. The goal was to create a whiz ERP system, within which totally of the companys extensive network of resellers, integrators, distributors, and guests could place orders for over 250,000 different point of intersections Symantec offered in the same way. That follows the basic concept of enterprise systems which are based on a suite of merged software program modules and a common central entropybase. When new information is entered by one process, the information is make immediately available to other business processes.Although companies can rewrite some of the software in ERP systems, the software is unusually complex and extensive customizatio n may degrade system performance, compromising the information and process integrating. If companies wishing to reap the maximum benefits from enterprise software, they essential change the way they work to conform to the business processes in the software. Although Symantec and Veritas had each subroutined oracle E-Business Suite 11d prior to the merger, both used highly customized versions of the systems that made integration a daunting task.An overhaul of the combined companys enterprise systems was needed to join together Symantec and Veritass data from key business processes. Enterprise systems help large companies enforce standard practices and data so that everyone does business the same way worldwide. Enterprise systems help firms respond rapidly to customer requests for information or products. Unfortunately, the two companies bungled the implementation of the enterprise system al close from the beginning.2. What management, organization, and technology factors were r esponsible for Symantecs difficulties in overhauling its ERP systems?Management Most of the issues were due to the companys shortsightedness in implementing lying-in Oasis. The initial reaction to the launch of the new system was decidedly negative. Once customers reached a Symantec employee, they could spend up to 20 more minutes troubleshooting problems, and were often told that there was nothing that could be done. There was simply too such(prenominal) change occurring all at once for typical customers to handle. Partners were unhappy with Symantecs slow response to many an(prenominal) of the problems.Organization The company was unprepared to meet the increased demand for customer support after the rollout. Symantec overleap to coordinate the development of its new ERP system with the launch of other products from different divisions within the company. The changes to the licensing system were not coordinated with the rest of the project. Customers were unhappy with changes to the stock-keeping unit product system (SKU system). Symantec had overlooked the needs of many customers eyepatch designing a technically sound but user-unfriendly ERP system.Technology Both companies used highly customized versions of Oracles E-Business Suite 11d prior to the merger. Users struggled to process the large amount of information provided to them and were overwhelmed by the increased build of steps, all of them new, required to place orders. Some smaller distributors and partners didnt update their systems to handle the new SKUs and were otiose to submit purchase orders electronically. After the rollout, licensing became much more difficult for Symantecs customers and partners, forcing them to wait multiple weeks in the beginning receiving their licenses.3. Was Symantecs response to the problem adequate? Explain your reasoning.The company initiated a follow-up project named Project Nero. The goal of the project was to recapture the loyalty of customers who were dis enchanted by the changes brought about by Oasis. The project reached out to customers and fixed the problems with the information systems to improve response times and streamline operations.The company began by adding over one hundred fifty new customer representatives to handle the increased volume of calls, reducing wait times and increasing customer satisfaction. Executives traveled the country to improve relations with angered customers and partners. The company cited a master list of product releases readily available and standardized its communication methods between departments regarding new projects and change management.Symantec used Net agent methodology to measure and increase customer loyalty. The results identified specific criticisms and customer problems and dramatically aided Symantec in correcting those problems. Project Nero helped the company weather the worst of the crisis. However, the company does not release the results of its Net Promoter surveys to the c ommon so the extent to which it has repaired its reputation is unclear.4. What would you drive home done differently to prevent the implementation problems that arose at Symantec? disciple answers will vary but some of the principles that should be included in their answers areEven the most careful planning and well-designed systems can quickly go awry if customers are unable to make use of the new system. Enterprise applications involve complex pieces of software that are very expensive to purchase and implement. The full(a) implementation cost of a large system, including software, database tools, consulting fees, personnel costs, training, and perhaps hardware costs, might amount to iv to five times the initial purchase price for the software.Enterprise applications require not only established technological changes but also fundamental changes in the way a business operates. Business processes must be changed to work with the software. Employees must accept new job functions and responsibilities. Most implementation projects fail or experience enormous problems because executives, managers, and employees did not understand how much organizational change was required.Specific Symantec problems that perhaps could have been avoided Communicate with employees better to counteract the negative attitude towards the project. Communicate with customers and distributors better about the upcoming changes. cause sure all of the systems that were changing were coordinated throughout the organization. Not change as many systems all at the same time. Even though stretching the implementation out over a yearlong period may have cost more money, perhaps it would have prevented some of the massive problems overall.5. If you were a partner or customer of Symantec, would you have switched venders in response to the ERP overhaul issues? Why or why not?Student answers will vary. Some principles to keep in mind areEnterprise applications introduce switching costs tha t make it very costly to switch vendors. Companies become dependent on the vendor to upgrade its product and maintain the installation. Many of Symantecs partners and smaller distributors were reliant on Symantec and perhaps could not afford to switch vendors. That would mean they would have to switch all of their internal systems at great cost.Customers are often reluctant to switch vendors based on historical relationships. If the problems face temporary, the customers will hang on. If the problems seem insurmountable, some customers will desert the sinking ship.

Virtue ethics Essay Example for Free

Virtue morals EssayToday the gird Procurement Commission began public hearings into what appears to be the biggest corruption scandal in the history of South Africa. use the Global Business Standards Codex and explain if and how the Defense Department used these principles, what they could have do differently if the Codex was applied GLOBAL BUSINESS STANDARDS CODEX. Fiduciary rationale (Diligence, Loyalty) Property principle (Protection, Theft) Reliability Principle (Contracts Premises, Commitments) Transp bency Principle (Thruthfulness, Deception, Disclosure, Objectivity) Dignity Principle (Respect for the Individual, Health and Safety, Privacy and Confidentiality, Use of Force, Associatiation Expression, Learning Development, Employment Security) pallidity Principle (Fair Dealing, Fair Treatment, Fair Competition, Fair Process) Citizenship Principle (Law Regulation, Public Goods, Cooperation with Authorities, Political Noninvolvement, Civic Contribution responsi veness Principle (Addressing Concerns, Public Involvement). LEARNING OBJECTIVES (TOPIC 3) After completion of this topic, you leave behind be able to 1. Describe the principal(prenominal) respectable theories and apply it to business scenarios iStockphoto. com/Dan Bachman ETHICAL THEORIES Three intents in history of ethics Greek period ( calciferol BC-AD 500) The man who performed his duties as a citizen = good man Greeks Man is the appraise of all things he decides for himself-importance what is discipline and wrong Socrates, Plato and Aristotle emphasised the need and importance of understanding the nature of goodness Stoics emphasised that goodness is pictorial to man, rightfulnesss of morality are the laws of nature rational and comprehensive to humankind reason.ETHICAL THEORIES Medieval period (AD 500 AD 1500) Attention was given to inner aspect of morality due to spread of Christianity Changed Greeks view that ethics is a part of politics The standard o f right and wrong was according to Gods law in the Bible and was against some(prenominal) doubts ETHICAL THEORIES Modern period (AD 1500 onwards) Individualism more important that priests p pass away and church principles Human liberty and human accomplishments more important than the Christian revelation The difference mingled with right and wrong was subjective, depending on the attitude of the soulfulness making the moral judgement ETHICAL CONCEPTS THEORIES. veritable by moral philosophers over generations to distinguish respectable from unethical behaviour Viewpoints from which guidance can be obtained along the pathway to a termination Each theory emphasizes different points in order to reach an ethically correct decision Theories are directed towards achieving a common situated of goals (Ethical principles) ETHICAL CONCEPTS THEORIES ethical motive DEFINED The domain of ethics is centrally concerned with human CHARACTER (the kind of people we are) and channeli se (how we relate to others) Three key questions comprise the focus of this domain 1. 2. What is good or bad for domain? What constitutes right or wrong conduct? 3.How ought we to live and treat others? ETHICS OF CONDUCTS CONSEQUENTIALISM The rightness/wrongness of an work on is determined by its consequences or results The right military action is the one that Promotes the greatest gaiety of the greatest frame (maximizes social utility) = Utilitarianism Produces results that maximise a souls selfinterest = Ethical Egoism CONSEQUENTIALISM UTILITARIANISM Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) Creator of Utilitarianism Goodness = human well- be what benefits is good and what impose on _or_ oppresss is evil Two concepts of importance Pleasure and throe governs our lives Pleasure makes life happier and pain makes it worse Utility net benefits.and usefulness produced by an action An action is right if the act is great than the sum total of utilities produced by any other act He donistic Calculus system to measure amount of pleasure and pain that an action produces CONSEQUENTIALISMUTILITARIANISM 7 Criteria Questions Asked 1. Intensity How intense/strong is the pleasure and excited satisfaction? 2. Duration How long will the pleasure last? 3. Certainty How certain am I that pleasure will occur?4. Propinquity How soon will the pleasure occur? How near is it? 5. birth rate How likely is it that this experience will cause more pleasure in the future? 6. Purity Is in that location any pain that accompanies this pleasure? 7. Extent How many people will be affected? CONSEQUENTIALISMUTILITARIANISM. bathroom Stuart Mill (1806-1873) qualitative separation of pleasures Bentham treats all forms of happiness as equal, whereas Mill argues that intellectual and moral pleasures (higher pleasures) are superior to more physical forms of pleasure (lower pleasures) Mills argument is that the simple pleasures tend to be preferent by people who have no experienc e with high art, and are therefore not in a prissy position to judge.CONSEQUENTIALISM ACT AND RULE UTILITARIANISM Rule Utilitarianism an action is right if it conforms to a set of masters which produce the greatest balance of pleasure over pain Act Utilitarianism an action is right if and further if it produces the greatest balance of pleasure over pain for everyone CONSEQUENTIALISM ETHICAL EGOISM Ones self is, or should be, the motivation and the goal of ones own action Three categories individual, personal, and universal ?An individual ethical egoist would hold that all people should do whatever benefits them ? A personal ethical egoist would hold that he or she should act in his or her self-interest, but would make no claims about what anyone else ought to do ? A universal ethical egoist would argue that everyone should act in slipway that are in their self-interest CONSEQUENTIALISM All is well that ends well, regardless of means used to produce results stamp out jus tifies the means NON-CONSEQUENTIALISM DEONTOLOGY Emphasis on rules, duty, rights Actions are right if they respect rules and wrong if they violate them Golden rule Do unto others as you would have them do unto you (human dignity, respect for people, obligation, duty) DEONTOLOGY. Morality and ethics are to be silent as systems of rules meant to govern and guide conduct Deontological ethical theories are agent-relative as opposed to agent electroneutral you have a duty If an action is of the wrong kind, it is forbidden, no matter how good its consequences are Rejects both(prenominal) Utilitarianism and Ethical Egoism DEONTOLOGY KANTIANISM Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Ends, not mere means dont treat rational agents (others or yourself) as mere objects to be used or exploited Categorical imperative everyone should be enured as a free person equal to everyone else (unconditional) Everyone has a moral right to such give-and- read and a correlative duty to treat others in thi s way Mustnt sacrifice the few nonetheless to benefit the many DEONTOLOGY KANTIANISM. Performing an action solely because it is our duty is what Kant refers to as a good will being good without qualification Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will it that it should become a universal law of nature offers consistency DEONTOLOGY indwelling LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS Another approach to Deontology and complementary to Kantianism Natural rights ? Right to freedom/ liberty freedom from coercive powerful rulers ? Right to ownership and property each person has a right to ownership over own body and own labour and is free to decide what will be done with what he or she owns, without interference NATURAL LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS. Moral rights by virtue of being human Each right has a corresponding duty and these duties may be perfect or imperfect Rights play an important role in business ethics stakeholders have rights Many rights all the same come in to conflict and it is difficult to decide whose rights receives priority (victims or criminals) DEONTOLOGY JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS Fair and equitable distribution of opportunities and hardships to all Ask how fairly benefits and costs are distributed to everyone regardless of power, position, wealth, etc. Seven categories ? suffusive Justice concerned with fair distribution of societys benefits and burdens ? Cooperation and competition taking a proper share of some good ? Procedual justice fair, decisive practices, procedures and agreements among parties DEONTOLOGY JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS.? Retributive Justice just botheration of punishment and penalties upon wrong-doers does the punishment fit the crime ? Compensatory justice compensating people for losings they have suffered when they were wronged by others losses due to Apartheid ? Corrective justice laws themselves as instruments of justice should be considered as just ?Distribution take into account who has suffered an unfair share of the costs of a form _or_ system of government and others who have unfairly benefitted from a policy RAWLS PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE All social values liberty and opportunities, income and wealth, and the bases of self-respect are to be distributed equally unless inadequate distribution of any, or all of these values, is to everyones advantage.Two principles Basic freedoms Freedom of speech, liberty and pursuit of happiness Difference principle -There can be inequalities as long as it makes the worst person go against off DEONTOLOGY The end doesnt justify the means. ETHICS OF CHARACTER ARISTOTELIANISM VIRTUE APPROACHES Examines a persons moral character and whether or not this exhibits virtue Aristotle a moral virtue is a habit that enables one to exercise reason in all actions Action of giving people goods they only deserve is justice (virtue) or giving too little/ too much is injustice (vice) Virtues are means to and constituents of happiness Virtue ethics makes being virtuous an essential element of leading a moral life SUMMARY ETHICAL THEORIES Utilitarian Model.? When confronted with an ethical dilemma Identify alternative courses of action Determine both benefits and harms of each alternative course of action for ALL stakeholders Most benefits and least harm to the greatest number of people ? The Utilitarian Model has a strong capitalistic orientation and supports clear maximisation Self-interest Rewarding hard work Weakness Focus Competition on result rather ? Focus of ethical behaviour is around than process which might be Organisational/ Public go goals unethical Efficiency Conflicts of interest ETHICAL THEORIES Moral Rights Model ? When confronted with an ethical dilemma Identify if any decision or behaviour violates the rights of an individual If it does, it is wrong Weakness Focus only ?Focus of ethical behaviour is around on individual Right to safety and not societal rights Right to subsist the tru th Right to privacy Right not to engage in behaviours that are contradictory to a persons moral or religious beliefs Right to freedom of speech ? Provides clear guidelines on moral individual rights ETHICAL THEORIES Justice Model ?When confronted with an ethical dilemma Identify if any decision or behaviour violates the rights of both individuals and groups If it does, it is wrong ? Focus of three principles Distributive Justice Principle ? Everyone demand to be treated the same, unless they differ in ways which are reliant to the situation Fairness Principle ? Obligations as a result of relationships Natural Duty Principle ? Accepting responsibility in shift for certain rights Any questions?

To what extent does the media assist or limit the conduct of military operations Essay Example for Free

To what extent does the media instigate or limit the conduct of army appendages EssaySome form of controversy has been regularly generated between the press and the host especially the question of media overture to the subject field. Conflict between reporter and the soldiery is non new. As fight correspondents became of age in the Civil War, the military began its determination to protect its transactions. The media urinate often called this determination censorship. The military/media relationship is seriously degraded because of suspicion between the two entities.Sources of this mistrust atomic number 18 analyzed, to complicate cultural differences the perception of biased reportage mis imageing and ignorance and speculation. In all operation there are many aspects of military/media relations which include operative security system, the press pool system, logistics, ordinary opinion, etc. However, there has been animosity between journalists and the milita ry. The military frequently views press as offering hardly potential harm not benefit (Carruthers, 2000).The press, on the other(a) hand, has a history of being lively of the military. For instance, U.S. media and professional associations insist that the military essential accommodate the press in struggletime situations, for three good reasons which include the press has always been present when wads devote been involved the public has a fundamental justifiedly to know and restrictions put violate the First Amendment. Yet on some ground between the military operational requirement for information to be made available only on a tush of takeing to know, and the right of the citizens of a democracy to know about what their military is doing, lies a middle ground (Dandeker, 1995). worldwidely, soldiers infer fighting and journalists understand communicating, yet none of them knows that the political impact of combat depends on how the fighting is communicated. so both side s wishing one some other. Key civilian and military leaders have now embraced the feature that successful inclusion of the press to ensure adequate coverage is not an optional luxury, but sooner is a necessity in todays information age and the expectations of the citizens.The benefits gained from the news media coverage of military operations outdo the drawbacks, and therefore press coverage should be permitted. There is no set solution appropriate for each situation, since each war is unique. But improvements in military planning, officer training, and press indoctrination will help lick some of the current problems in the military/media relationship. How media assist the conduct of military operationsIn todays technology-driven world, the media is a fourth dimension added to air, land, and sea and the operational commander must contend with this potent entity to be relevant. Moreover, the media is an gas pedal of immense importance in todays world in respect to the operat ional factors of time, space, and force affecting the operational commander decision-making. The reason why the military should engage the media is probably best stated by General (Ret) Dennis J.Reimer in a 1997 memorandum to his fourth-year Army leaders.Our success, as an institution, depends on the degree to which all senior leaders communicate clearly to the people. It is in fact part of your METL Mission Essential Task List, said Reimer. To fuck off with, the military has the need for improved defense related public relations. The media is an important force multiplier, and it must be harnessed to win the battle of the hearts and minds of the people and keep them fully abreast of developments at understructure and abroad.This will ensure that they are not misled by rumors, propaganda and dis-information this could happen if they do not have access to a truthful and speedy account of the facts and the progress of events. Secondly, the media is important in projecting the opera tions to the remotest part of the country and arousing nationalism and patriotic fervour in the nation. Thirdly, having a media team at each train of command down to the battalion level is of great help to project the activities of the armed forces through films and other means.The procedure evolved provide for regular operational briefings by the operational/intelligence staff at central office or by the concerned corps/divisional commanders. Fourthly, training selected service officers and men in media make up by running suitable courses for them on a regular basis and also media personnel need to understand the organisation, role, ethos and fighting capabilities of the armed forces and the characteristics of its various units is most beneficial (that is , media-military interface). Fifthly, limiting journalists access to a war can also work against the military.Galloway pointed to the Persian Gulf War as an example. When the war was over you had no proof of the efficacy of y our efforts and your soldiers efforts to take up on Capitol Hill at a very operose time when troop cuts, budget cuts, drawbacks are all under way, he said. Despite the constant strain and sometimes opposing goals of the military and the media, the militarys primary role is to support and defend the Constitution of the nation, the First Amendment of which is granting immunity of speech and of the press. Finally, having media-military interface there is hope for prompt and timely information in an age when news is increasingly being transmitted and used instantly, with TV news being broadcast on the hour, every hour (Krishna, 2000). How media limit the conduct of military operations The prospicientstanding conflict between the news medias need for access and the militarys need for hiding has continued during the war on terrorism, journalists agree. If anything, the tension between the two groups has gotten worse.For instance, during the war in Afghanistan, Pentagon senior spokesma n Bryan Whitman said the military understands reporters concerns but that the top priority must be troop safety. Ensuring that what we do with the news media in the Pentagon or in the field doesnt do anything to jeopardize the success of the operation or endanger the personnel that are participating in the military operation has to be equilibrise all the time with how much reporting can be taking place at any given moment, he said. (Wilcox Jr, 2002)But author and former war correspondent Joe Galloway, whose book We Were Soldiers Once and girlish documents the first major U. S. ground battle of the Vietnam War, said that Vietnam changed the mindset of the military because of the open and unrestricted reporting done by journalists. Most of the times, the military is uncoerced to learn, the journalists are not pointed out by Galloway as evidenced by the numerous invitations he has received from the military to speak about the subject. He has not received any invitations to speak to news organizations or journalism schools.The media is also believed by them reporting from the force field turn the people against the military and against the war. Galloway also adds that, while Vietnam remains a model for him in wrong of military/media relations, U. S. led military operations in Grenada and Panama were disastrous in terms of the medias powerfulness to cover those conflicts because of military restrictions. Also, keeping the media at a greater distance from combat operations than security requires would contribute to a procedureterly adversarial military-media relationship.This, in turn, would likely hurt the war effort in the long run by inviting relentlessly negative coverage and fanning public distrust. Furthermore, the media are a fact of military operations and here to stay as well as being vital to all republican governments seeking to discharge their duty to explain. Military avow of information during war time is also a major contributing factor t o propaganda, especially when the media go along with it without question.The military recognizes the values of media and information control very well. The military often manipulates the mainstream media, by restricting or managing what information is presented and hence what the public are told. For them it is paramount to control the media. This can involve all manner of activities, from organizing media sessions and daily press briefings, or through providing managed access to war zones, to even planting stories.Over time then, the way that the media covers conflicts degrades in quality, critique and objectiveness. As one military puts it, Information is the currency of victory. From a militarys perspective, information warfare is another front on which a battle must be fought. However, as well as needing to delude adversaries, in order to maintain public support, information to their own public must no discredit be managed as well. That makes sense from a military perspectiv e. Sometimes the public can be willing to sacrifice detailed knowledge.But that can also lead to unaccountability and when information that is presented has been managed, propaganda is often the result. Finally, the military have had to adapt since 1982 is the speed of reporting made possible by modern communications. Today, a reporter with a digital camera, a laptop and a satellite phone, all of which can fit in a day sack, can file stories minutes after events and even live if they have a bit more by way of equipment. Control is much more difficult if reporters dont need militarys help to file a story.Because they can act so quickly, and are expected to do so by their editors or newsrooms, military dont have the time to ponder at length our response to events, we must respond quickly whilst still, crucially, maintaining accuracy. For instance, this happened on TELIC 1 (Iraq) but, it was not a great success. Conclusion Throughout history, no matter the time or war, there has always been a conflict between the military and the media. The medias right to a free press conflicts with the militarys concern for operational security.It serves no reconstructive purpose, however, to ignore this conflict nor does it serve a purpose by adding to it. Therefore, it is time for the military to accept the media as part of the battlefield of the 21st century, and to understand and prepare for the media as it does for other battlefield elements. Commanders should ensure that their military man receive not only the equipment, but also the training to survive in adverse battlefield environments. The point here is to point out that no matter whether the military likes or dislikes the media, the media will be a part of the battlefield environment just as the weather.As is the case with inclement weather, the ruin the commander plans and prepares his or her troops, as well as themselves for the media, the better they and their troops will do when go about with a reporter. If w e are going to get this right, the military must not resort unnecessarily to secrecy or to lightly tarring independent journalists as disloyal. The media should not frivolously cry censorship. And each should work harder to understand the views and accommodate the needs of the other.

Dang Its Him Essay Example for Free

Dang Its Him EssayHassan considers ameer as his friends, but in emeers eyes he is more than a servant, except he couldnt wear him as a friend. Amir is unable to accept Hassan as a friend because he is a Hazara and in his mind, due to peer pressure, he considers Hazaras to be lower in status than he is. Amir constantly tests Hassans loyalty because he is jealous of Hassans loyalty and therefore wants him to event up. Amir is jealous that he doesnt treat Hassan with the trust of a friend that Hassan gives him, so he wants Hassan to slip up so he can feel like theyre equal. He resents Hassan because of the love that Baba gives him and how he never forgets Hassans birthday. His Baba always comp atomic number 18s Hassan and him consequently his Baba would mention that he is more proud of Hassan than Amir. We begin to catch early in the novel that Amir is constantly vying for Babas attention and often feels like an outsider in his fathers life, as seen in the following passage Hed close the door, leave me to wonder why it was always grown-ups clipping with him. Id sit by the door, knees drawn to my chest.Sometimes I sat there for an hour, sometimes deuce, listening to their laughter, their chatter. talk over Amirs relationship with Baba. After hearing Amirs story, Hassan asks, Why did the man kill his wife? In fact, why did he ever have to feel sad to shed tears? Couldnt he have just smelled an onion? How does this story epitomize the difference in character between Hassan and Amir? Refer to the beginning of Chapter 4. How baron Babas treatment of Ali have influenced Amirs understanding of how to treat Hassan?What moral lessons does Baba convey to Amir, and are any of them contradictory? 1. After Amir wins the kite running tournament, his relationship with Baba undergoes significant change. However, while they spring a bond of fellowship, Amir is still unhappy. What causes this unhappiness and how has Baba contributed to Amirs state of mind? Eventuall y, the relationship between the two returns to the way it was before the tournament, and Amir laments we actually deceived ourselves into thinking that a toy made of tissue paper, glue, and bamboo could in some way close the chasm between us (93).Discuss the significance of this passage. 2. As Amir remembers an Afghan celebration in which a sheep must be sacrificed, he talks about seeing the sheeps eyes moments before its death. I dont know why I watch this yearly ritual in our backyard my nightmares persist long later the bloodstains on the grass have faded. But I always watch, I watch because of that look of sufferance in the animals eyes. Absurdly, I imagine the animal understands.I imagine the animal sees that its imminent demise is for a higher purpose (82). Why do you think Amir recalls this memory when he witnesses Hassans tragedy in the alleyway? Why does Amir respond the way that he does? 3. What role does Rahim Khan play in Amirs life? What are the requirements for a tr ue friendship? How can a friendship be damaged? Make sure to refer to a specific example from your experience AND a specific example from The Kite Runner.

High School Dropouts Essay Example for Free

steep School Dropouts EssayIts been known for age that young people who do not gather in a high trail diploma face numerous more difficultys later in vivification than people who graduate. Dropouts are more probably to be unemployed, have poor health, live in poverty, be on public assistance, and be single parents. It all began in the 1960s when students started to dash off out payable to the racial discriminations and gang violence. . High school fall back outs have been a very serious problem in the United States. Here in this essay I will clarify how high school dropouts is a problem that should be solved. High school dropouts have been a continuous matter for many generations. Pregnancy, poor grades, truancy, low income, and bad behavior are the main causes of dropouts. Which leads for young people to more likely to unemployed, live in poverty and be depending on the help of the government. Approximately 7,000 high school students drop out every school day, which t ranslates to one in three students.Once students make the decision to drop out, they lack the tools to compete in todays society and diminish their notices for greater success in the future. Many years of failure and frustration can also lead for a someone to dropout. The loss of motivation, source of champion and encouragement lead students to not believe in them selves and only find the solution to drop out. presently in days, thither are many plectrons for high school dropouts. The government offers students to enroll themselves in vocational and trade school or non traditional schools.Which allow students to finish the rest of their credits or lift up there GED. Vocational schools allow for students to study the field in which they are interested in. This is an effective option as most students that drop out struggle with some classes, but excel in a class that they enjoy. Of course the best solution is for students to stay in school, but if a student is vent to drop out there are options to help him or her get the education and experiences to help him or her to succeed. There is defiantly many advantages in these programs.Dropouts have the opportunity at a second chance to be successful. The only disadvantage there can possibly be only relies on the individual. The person is the only responsible one and it is up to them if they truly want to hope themselves to an education. If the person does not commit themselves they will only loose the chance and go back to the possibility of being unemployed or getting paid minimum wage for the rest of there life. It is important for young people to hire school seriously in order to prevent a very unfortunate future.In my view I think that the best solution is to stay in school. It will prevent people from having to read with unemployment and poverty. Staying school will allow students to achieve there goals and most of all make others feel uplifted of you as well. High school can defiantly open many doors only if he or she is committed to their education and motivated. It is time for people to make a difference and speak to future generations regarding there education. Preventing dropouts can certainly change the world in the future.

Training Day Film Critique Essay Example for Free

Training daytime Film Critique showHave you ever wondered what it was like behind the chances while watching unrivaled of your favorite motion pictures of all snip? Well, there is a hardening that goes on behind the scenes that some individuals never even recollect to think astir(predicate). In the word picture Training Day, there be many fascinating aspects that all went into use to commence such(prenominal) a stately movie theatre. E actuallything from great story relation, performing, characters, cinematography, and editing techniques to the sound, genres and how the directing and styles personally told the story of the cop thriller drama. under is a list of what goes on before the movie becomes the movie. Storytelling Training Day was a hold that was centered on two Los Angeles Narcotics Police Officers over the curse of a full day in the roughest neighborhoods of Los Angeles. Ethan Hawke compete a rookie Los Angeles Police Officer who is sent to become Denze l working capitals confederate upon a 24 hour evaluation by Washington to see if the rookie detective is work enough to join Washington in the Narcotics division.The storytelling was very great in that the deal was extremely unorthodox from scene to scene. That is the goal of every writer and any atomic number 53 else associated with the movie labor when making a use up is to thread the movie as less predictable as possible. A lot of critics in the film industry gave this film a decorated review and Washington went on to win an Academy Award for shell Actor for the film.Denzel had a plan in place to frame Hawke by having him take medicates (which were later cognise to Hawke as PCP), shooting and killing his old partner and colleague (which Denzel was departure to pin on Hawke in which Denzel would say that Hawke did not kill them in the same house at the same scene, which means he was rogue), and with Hawke throughout a lot of questionable incidents never consulting or alerting the Internal Affairs vanity of the Department, which s an obvious no go in the field of law enforcement. The storytelling was too coincidental in many phases as well. During the sexual assault scene with the gang members female cousin, Hawke fights aside the attackers and before he got around to arresting them, Washington comes on the scene and dismisses the men and lets them get away freely to the dismay of Hawke, who then picks up the lady friends photo recognition to keep as evidence of an incident.Now, the coincidental aspect of all of this is when Hawke and Washington later went to the home of the girls drug dealing cousins (which Washington had already planned to have Hawke killed as he went to the buns and escaping out of the window). Before the guys were about to kill Hawke, they cleaned his pockets out and found a photo identification of the drug dealers cousin and ultimately, that saved Hawkes life. Acting The playing was stellar in the film as well in that it garnered an Academy Award for Denzel Washington and garnered Ethan Hawke a nomination for Best musical accompaniment Actor.Denzel vie a role that was very different than the roles he had previously taken in his occupational group and his acting in this movie is generally looked upon by a lot of critics as his best acting role outside of Malcolm X, while being completely new to the kinds of roles he had taken prior to this film. Denzel played a rogue narcotics police officer for the Los Angeles Police Department who is evaluating Hawke and pushing him to become rogue throughout the film as Washington was.Washingtons acting was phenomenal in that he was a terrific villain and very easy to root against, while Hawke was the polar opposite. Hawke was a rookie detective who was squeaky clean and wanted to make a real difference in the bad neighborhoods of the city of Los Angeles. Hawkes acting was more of a beneficial character to Washingtons cut throat, dirty, and ruthless perso nality and Hawke was often the butt of Washingtons slick comments and jokes (mostly challenging and siteing to Hawkes manhood to get him to do dirty things or to look the other way).Hawke mainly played the role with a serious and upset demeanor by having to be subjected to such a corrupt system and culture of the LAPD. The acting was probably the strong suit of the film along with the Cinematography. Cinematography The Cinematography of the film was also very strong in this field and this was one of the biggest reasons why this film worked so well. The cinematography of movies is often one of the most underrated aspects of them.Training Days cinematography worked so well because it is a movie about cops and the setting was in really bad neighborhoods in Los Angeles, and due to the street drug culture supposition of things, the cinematography had a sort of grimy look to it which make this work so well. Part of what made that work so well is that the streets can be a grimy place and a patrician place for many and the film resembled that throughout most of it, which is always a plus when you are telling a story about what goes on in the real world.What also made this work so well was that the cinematography adjusted to the characters and depending on the situation or circumstance, gave you an inside look into how they felt at that moment in time. A great example of the films cinematography is when Washington and Hawke two are driving around in the neighborhood and Washington pressures Hawke to take a drug make love as PCP and soon after for the next couple of scenes in the film, the cinematography is switched to Hawkes refer of view and has him looking in a very blurred way as utmost as vision and having slurry speech mixed with the blurriness of the eyes due to the drugs side effects.That scene pretty practically opened the floodgates for a terrific adjustment of the cinematography to the character as it also did when Washington was on the ground dying a fter being shot many times. Editing in that location were rather a bit of editing work done with this film. Most of the editing was done to scenes with Washington and Hawke driving around in the squad car talking and there is over 12 proceeding worth of scene editing that was not included in the film, at least as far as cuts and deleted scenes are concerned.Also, the film has an alternate ending to it as well, yet separate from the film (it is on the DVD version though). The editor of the film was Conrad Buff. Sound The sound throughout the movie was also one of the bright spots and hinged on a lot of hip hop (which was perfect for a film in that setting). The individual in charge of the sound was Russell Williams II and he was also the sound mixer of various other films such as Dancing with the Wolves and Rules of Engagement, which according to a lot of critics also had soundtracks that were very impressive.The sound in the movie is presented in Dolby Digital 5. 1. The sound fr om this film could have been too much easily, but the mixer was very productive in keeping it near perfect and not so too much with the sound. Besides, the sound was very easy to understand. Style and Directing The style of Training Day was unlike a lot of other detestation action films. The style was more in your represent and had a gloomy kind of vibe to it with the angles of the cameras and most importantly, the lighting as well in which Antoine Fuqua (the director of the film) had a great habit of in his films.The style of the movie resonated with the viewers in particular that know how dark and gloomy the streets can be at certain points in time. The style bordered amongst those aspects and how individuals were portrayed, dressed and etc. , which worked so well for the movie. The in your face and getting dirty style of this movie is what made it what it was in that it did not divert from a lot of reality and never over the natural covering (just solid acting across the boa rd). Impact of society on the film and vice versaThe impact of society on the film stemmed from police corruption and brutality of not just citizens, but honest bystanders as well. This was filmed in relation to the allegations and facts over the years about the system of the LAPD and how corrupt and unfounded they can be at times. This movie reinforces that stigma attached to the LAPD and attempts to show the world how some in the department can be at times, especially dealing with constant criminals on a day-by-day basis.On the other hand, the impact of the film on society was that it opened up a lot of eye into how corrupt many departments all over the country can be at times when it comes to drugs and criminals. It shows that sometimes even the bad guys get a break in order to catch a bigger fish and how there are many pawns in the game (crossfire in this case). This film also let the people in on what a cops normal routine on the job is like and how stressful and sometimes erratic it can make an individual turn into. music genre The genre of Training Day is divided up into five distinct categories.For one, the movie is a thriller, drama, execration fiction, crime thriller, and adventure film. It varied between all of those genres throughout the course of the film. The film easily is a thriller in that it had you on the edge of your seat as it was so unpredictable from scene to scene. Of course, drama played a huge role and that is what drove the characters and story throughout the duration of the film. Last, but not least, was the crime involved in it all which made this a crime film (as with anything usually with cops).Application of at least one approach to analysis and interpretation The realist approach definitely defines this movie and it takes multiple viewings of this film and real world experience to really get to the root of this film. The director grew up in neighborhoods such as which is portrayed in the film and has a lot of experience wr iting these kinds of roles. This movie attempts to explain that corruption in the past has been rampant in cities like Los Angeles and how corruption is really easy to be caught up in when dealing with the people of the neighborhoods and city higher ups.The film maker is essentially assay to say that corruption happens and it happens in a lot of other places in the country and sometimes, there are good guys willing to bring down the bad guys (or cops in this case). Overall textual themes There were quite a bit of textual themes in this film. Most of the textual themes were corruption, power, and greed. A decorated, veteran police officer with everything to lose succumbs to power (which was his favorite), greed (which was unfortunate because he had a good career already) and corruption (the good department up top was full of dirt).The central textual theme in this movie besides was the seriousness and effectiveness in a lot of cases of peer pressure and how easily one could be re eled in to various things, even when they have everything to lose. Washington and Hawke both had great careers, children, family, and a lot going for them on the job, but due to the lust for power, peer pressure and greed, it eventually tackles both men to the point that recovery can be long and hard for Hawke, while too late for Washington.

Frankenstein - Knowledge As A Force Essay Example for Free

Frankenstein Knowledge As A Force Essaybloody shame Shelleys Frankenstein brings out a very prominent and unavoidable theme the dangers of association. It is often said that at that place is nonhing wrong with learning new things, yet Shelley makes it a point to prove that wrong. Dr. Frankensteins edacious and successful approach to necromancy proves that very distinctly. Though the novel does not explicitly state that on that point are things best left to higher powers, the novel does highlight, very pointedly, that a man should act as such, and should not interfere with either that which he is not meant to, or that which opposes the natural way of things. Dr. Frankenstein does twain. It is not a matter of controversy that humans are not meant to play God, and reanimating a corpse constructed from the remains of divers(a) other corpses f alls very firmly in the realm of actions classifiable as both unethical and unnatural. Effectively, the entire book may be paraphrase d, as Dr. Frankenstein was a perfectly cheerful student, until he play God, following which, his entire life crashed nigh him, and he lost virtually everyone and everything he make dod. Shelley does not explicitly state that there are things solely in the realm of God, but the books makes it clear nonetheless that slightly things were made to transcend human noesis, and that violating this law will cod natural and terrible consequences. Shelley wishes, then, to paint knowledge as a formidable force that should be approached with intense caution. Her Frankenstein is a warning.Three of the prominent characters in the novel Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein, Robert Walton and the monster, all share a thirst for knowledge that ultimately leads to crepuscle in one way or another. Shelly, in her novel, portrayed how Victors journey to seek knowledge led to a life of misery and sadness. Even upon meeting Walton, Victor says, You seek for knowledge and wisdom, as I once did and I arde ntly hope that the gratification of your wishes may not be a serpent to sting you, as mine has been(Shelly 62). Although this quote only implies that his downfall was due to the monster, in reality, his downfall began long before even the monster was seduced, as evidenced by Victors (literally) brute(prenominal) quest for knowledge.From a very early age, Victor Frankenstein had a thirst for knowledge. He was captivated by the sciences he spent all his time just studying from the work of the older scientists. In the university, when he was told that all his time spent studying has been a waste, as new findies have been made, he became angry. Ironically, his obsession with science became even stronger and he devoted his life acquiring even great knowledge. This obsession was where it all began. Victors quest for knowledge was a selfish quest of sabotage his obsession to create a life form was so deep that he ignored everyone he knew. This thirst to slew beyond the accepted human limits and access the secret of life led to one disaster afterward another.Similarly, Robert Walton desires knowledge beyond limits. Waltons quest to reach the northernmost part of the earth is similar in spirit to Victors quest for the secret of life both seek ultimate knowledge, and both sacrifice the comfort of the realm of known knowledge in their respective pursuits. When Walton says, What may not be expected in a country of eternal light?(Shelly 50). It be grapples certain that Walton is ready to surpass each limit for the pursuit of total knowledge. Light in this context, is a symbol for goodness and knowledge. If we closely examine, we discover that Robert Walton possess the same desires as Victor Frankenstein, and can be addressed as a potential difference Frankenstein, another man . . . seeking out ultimate knowledge by conquering the worlds uncharted regions(Claridge 85). Victor, seeing Walton having the same thirst, warns him Learn from me, if not by my precepts, at least by my example, how serious is the acquirement of knowledge and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow(Shelly 81).Knowledge not only destroys Victor Frankensteins life but in like manner of the monster. Firstly, He was the creation of Frankensteins desire to gain knowledge. He would have never come to life if Frankenstein had control over his obsession. Secondly, the monster delves deeper into sadness when he acquires knowledge the world has to offer him I cannot describe to you the agony that these reflections inflicted upon me I tried to dispel them, butsorrow only increased with knowledge. Oh, that I had forever remained in my native wood, nor known nor felt beyond the sensations of hunger, thirst, and heat (Shelly 146). If the monster did not have any knowledge, he would have felt none of the emotions or reflections that people have inflicted upon him. Finally, the greatest affect of the monsters actions is due to the knowledge that of him alone in the world I am an ominous and deserted creature, I look around and I have no relation or booster unit upon earth. These amiable people to whom I go have never seen me and know little of me. I am full of fears, for if I fail there, I am an outcast in the world forever, without any love or affection(Shelly 158), this knowledge, beyond his basic sensations, makes him a so-called Monster and the cause of all mayhem.This, conclusively, is bloody shame Shelleys severe warning to the reader. It is a strict warning to the reader to remain humane and presumable in their quest for knowledge. The text, then, also professes a deep romanticism in that it shows, very clearly, that one should not stray from that which is natural. It preaches that things are exactly how they are, but also warns that knowledge is not something to be trifled with. The text also carries with it, a long standing theme of consequences Victo r defied nature and raised the monster, and it then seemed like everything around Victor was dedicated to driving him to depression or death. Eventually, defying nature got the better of him and he died, desolate and alone, away from his home, and nature claimed yet another human that defied it.

Women Empowerment Essay Example for Free

Wo workforce authorisation Essay in that look upon is no chance of the welf ar of the world unless the condition of women is im prove. It is non possible for a bird to fly on one wing. Swami VivekanandaThe most signifi merchant shipt and longest social movement invete enumerate is movement for freedom of women. though the primary goal for women mandate is to improve the quality of tone of women and it has likewise deep ramifications in social, economic and political scenario of body polity. The media by means of its reach to people at large has been instru rational though not to the extent desired in supporting the movement for women emancipation by focusing neglect and marginalization of the position of the women in society. It sounds intriguing how from a highly self-respectful position in Indias mythic history, the woman in India has been relegated to a secondary position. The vested interests of the ruling elite group and the potent lobby influenced by alien cult ures legitimised woman as an individual of little consequence. It would be a sad commentary on the subordinate berth of women in India when woman is ideally run intoed as Shakti (Power), the offset of power itself just in macrocosm found as helpless, hapless woman with surface any individualism except that of a wife, or the mother who has precise little voice in decision qualification and has real little by style of her own basic choice. Although discrimination against and exploitation of women are globose phenomena, their consequences are more tragic in the just about parts of the globe in particular in down the stairs developed countries where, ignorance, deprivation of the basic*Address by Mr. Justice G.N. Ray, Chairman, Press Council of India at the inauguration seance of interior(a) Press Day on November 16, 2008 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi. 2 necessities of life, and the ever-growing pressure of transition from usage to modernity- all combine to aggravate the inequalities that women suffer to a point at which their existence is reduced to a continuous battle for survival. Improving the status of women is regarded as the key to narrowing the gender gap and achieving a better quality of life.Women are under great social control and scrutiny which has restricted what they washstand say and where and to whom. Cultural moves in almost e actually social set-up determine womens socialization in no un plastered terms. This has an serious bearing on their ability to communicate and express their thoughts.To question women empowerment it is obligatory to deal with the present situation of women in India. I would like to briefly discuss certain key aspects cerebrate to the women which media should seemlyly cover and facilitate the process of empowerment of women.Gender In compareA vast majority of Indian women work through out their lives that the fact is that it is not formally recognized. Statistics on work force shows low figure of w omen histrions. There is a serious underestimation of womens contri just nowion as workers even though when given a chance they pick up convincingly proved their ability. Womens workforce participation the percentage of adult women who are actually working is accepted indication of womens status and component of the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) used in GNDP Human evolution Reports. According to a survey conducted by NCW covering over 1200 women in both organized and unorganized sector it has been found that 50% experienced gender discrimination by federal agency of physical and mental curse of women at work.The survey inform discrimination not exactly in salary simply also in promotions, work distribution and working hours. Promoting gender equality was identified by the governing body as priority strategic goal for the UN System in3 India under UN Development Assistance Framework. We should not leave that Gender Equality is not just a womens produce. It is an add for the nation.Wage discriminationWomen largely earn a far lower wage than men doing the same work. In no verbalise in India women and men earn equal wage in agriculture. This is equally applicable to other areas of work such as mining, trade, transport operate etc. In the various work sectors average wage earned by male is more than the wages earned by pistillate.I would emphasize on the findings of UNDP which were published as Human Development Report concerning gender equality. It says Womens work is greatly undervalued in economic term. The value of household and alliance work transcends market value.The media cornerstone certainly bring some of these biases in to light. Specially, women journalists essential(prenominal)(prenominal) lead up this cause. The Indian constitution makes it mandatory to give equal warranter to every citizen. Thus sympathetic media, judiciary and executive should stand for this together. Reform movement too is necessary in this regard.Cr ime against womenThe soaring crime rates and violence against women in the country reflects women as weaker finish up who are existence prevail and exploited. They face violence inside and outside the family throughout their lives. The Crime rule book Bureau of Indias website shows that in the socio-economic class 2006 (latest data available on website) total crime reported against women was 1, 91731. Police record shows that a woman is molested in the country every 20 minutes a rape occurs every 34 minutes and every 43 minutes an incident of sexual harassment takes place. Every 43 minutes a woman is kidnapped and every 93 minutes, a woman is killed.4 forrader empowerment of women can be achieved it is necessary to enable women to give voice to their experience, their sufferings, and for society to understand them as human being and respond to them with sensitivity.Under mold in important positionWomen are under represented in governance and decision making positions. At pres ent women represent approximately 8-9% of parliamentary seats and less than 6% of cabinet positions. Less than 4% seats in High Courts and compulsory Courts are occupied by women. Less than 3% of administrators are women.HealthMillions of Indian women simply omit the freedom to go out of the house in search of health services they need. According to National Health examine 2 only 52% women in India are not even consulted on decision about their own health. The antenatal and postnatal care are beyond the reach of legion(predicate) Indian women. The National Health Survey 2 estimate mentions that some 1,00,000 to 1,20,000 women die every year due to pregnancy related causes. In some States death rate is kind of high and alarming. The rate in India is quite higher(prenominal)(prenominal) than the maternal death rate rate surveyed in Cuba, China, Srilanka and Vietnam.The majority of women go through life in state of nutritional stress. They are anemic and malnourished. Girls and women face discrimination within the family ingest last and least.Gap on Male-Female RatioMen out number women in India, unlike in many another(prenominal) countries where the case is otherwise. The main cause of the gap in the male female ratio is common practice of female fetus killing specially high in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. In these states, the ratio is shockingly low as compared to other Indian states. Female infant mortality rates are higher than male infant 5 mortality rates. Sample Registration System (2000) reveals that female infant mortality rate is 74 per meter live birth.The mass media needs to focus on this health issue of women. The various scheme incorporated by the govt. requires wider insurance insurance coverage so that women especially from economically weaker section can be benefitted from them.Women EducationEducation of women enables them to set their own priorities, seek knowledge and instruction to make their certain choices. The literacy ra te among women continues to be lower than those for men. As per data of 2004-2005 available with the National Sample Survey, literacy rate per 1000 amongst rural women is approximately 450 and amongst urban female is almost 700. If we view overall position, there has been a corroborative development and female literacy rate has gone up 50% as per the National Sample Survey 1997 report. Despite this progress more than 245 million Indian women can not read and write.Only 50% of Indian women are literate as compared to 65.5% of men. Far fewer girls than boys go to school. Even if they are enrolled, many of the girl students drop out of the school. The female adult literacy rate in Malaysia, Srilanka, China, Vietnam, and Indonesia is more than 70% and higher than that in India.Medias Role in empowerment of women in IndiaCommunication is highly important for womens development and mass media play portentous role. It is to be noted that growth of womens education and their adit into em ployment have contributed to the growth of media. In all spheres of life whether for controlling population growth, spread of literacy or improving quality of life for vast masses, women have crucial role to play. However, women can be anticipate to play this role when they become conscious of their strength and are not deliberately marginalised by male domination. In this context, media has an important role to play to create awakening in women to achieve their potential as the prime movers of change in society. In todays world, print and electronic media play a vital role in effectively conveying message that needs to be conveyed.Portrayal of women by the MediaBy and large the media scene in India is that media does not address serious issues about exploitation and inequal handling to women in different spheres but is keen in reporting sex related incidents by way of sensationalizing news of atrocities on women. Thus instead of highlighting the exploitation of woman they end up seemly one of the reasons in increase of violence as their coverage more often than not consort to glorify the crime against women. It is true that media has brought to light, as never before, certain misdemeanours against women but in a very subtle manner it also perpetuated the stereotyped image of woman as a householder and an unimportant entity in the traditional value system.Generally, womens problems never figure on the front scallywag of a report unless it is a gruesome murder or a case of rape. Newspapers even on womens page does not usually address relevant issues for women empowerment but reporting is concerned with cup of tea tips recipes, fashion syndrome etc. 7 It is unfortunate that there is lack of sensitivity among the newspapers in general to women and their problems. I would like to refer to the Study conducted by the Media Advocacy Group viz. Violence against Women Media Coverage and Re instauration. The Media Advocacy Group made the following recommendation s on reporting violence against the women.(i) Media needs to take an extended, broader view of crimes against women. It has to be instrumental in conducting a social audit on factors responsible for increasing crimes, particularly against women and children, including indifferent investigative procedures, miscarriage of justice, and growing social impunity of the perpetrators of crime. (ii) It also has to be instrumental in creating an sense among civil society of the causes and nature of the crime itself, and of the preventive measures.(iii) When treating these issues, media has to be extremely factual and empirical.The field of study also stated that the only regulation that governs a sensitive reporting on this issue is that the rape dupes name should not be disclosed. Barring this, the study found that everything else is graphically reported. Often the victims family name and address is cited, making a mockery in the letter and spirit of the regulation. Though much of this vi olation and malpractice are committed by a small group of publications, others are spurred on to imitate and keep pace with the sensational twist. Therefore, I urge the media to take a serious verbal expression on the issue and do self-regulation and self-monitoring with extreme care and caution.Aarushi murder case is another prime practice session of irresponsible and sensational reporting by the Media. The gruesome murder of a teenage girl for eld have been the sound basis of change magnitude TRPs of the News Channels. The media both electronic and print are virtuously and legally bound to avoid sensationalisation of news relating to victims of crimes. The Press Council of 8 India had already drawn guidelines on the character and appeals to media to follow them meticulously while reporting atrocities on women/child. It is important for me to refer at this point of quantify to, also an important issue that greatly and gravely impacts women in overt as well as covert manner, the HIV/AIDS reportage by the media. The Press Council had focused on the issue way back in 1993 when the AIDS was treated as an incurable epidemic and anyone who contacted it was pariah. The prime sufferers of such ostracization were the women, being treated as an important cause and carrier of the so-called desease.Much water has flown down the ganges, since hence and with medical advances, it has become necessary for the media to focus on the issue with not just a proactive but verificatory approach. Therefore, the Press Council has in consultation with the UNDP and the activists of the field redrawn the guidelines for media reportage that find place in the souvenir that is to be shortly released. I anticipate that guidelines, in the form of easy to refer disk operating system and Donts and detailed ones for indepth understanding of the issue, will find place on the desk of every media person and their coverage of the HIV/AIDS stories will help the world wield the issue with great sensitivity.Limited coverage in MediaNewspapers cover womens problems drawing the attention of policymakers to issues requiring immediate attention such as the untoward sex ratio, infant and maternal mortality, crime against women and the effects of poverty on women and their families. just now this coverage is very limited with the rest of the space occupied by cinema actresses, models, video jockeys (veejays) and the rich women and their hobbies. Many of the womens magazines are devoted to fashion, glamour, beauty aids, weight reduction, cookery and how to sharpen feminine instincts to keep men and their inlaws happy. There are comparatively fewer articles on career opportunities, health awareness, entrepreneurship, legal aid, counseling services, childcare9 services and financial management. A study in this regard was conducted in Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.Two regional newspapers and two English newspapers were selected fo r the study. great(p) newspapers only publish 5% of women related issues and 8% are published on main page and remaining are placed inside. Study showed no importance is given to development issues of women. In the telecasting serials women are the central characters, but they are visualized largely as tormentors or the victims while the men very often take sideline and just seem caught in a web of inauspicious circumstances. Television culture has portrayed a breed of weak, indecisive men ensnared by sexy women when in man men also play an active role in oppressing women in various slipway including subjecting them to physical assault, rape, pushing them into the sex trade and even abandoning them. It is only desirable that serials should be close to reality and give message to the viewers where and how the society is going wrong.This portrayal of women in media has led the National tutelage for Women to recommend amendment in the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibitio n Act), 1986. The NCW wants to include new technologies like MMS and the electronic media and some which were left hand out side the ambit of the Act like posters and TV serials which perpetuate stereotypes of women. Explaining the reason for including soaps in proposed amendment in the Act, National Commission for Women has stated that women are either being portrayed as Sita (Ramayana) or as Kaikayee (Ramayana) and there seems to be nothing in between the two extreme characters being shown in Soaps. Divorces, fornication are highlighted frequently in Soaps where characters break the law without repercussion.Negative images or just portraying reality is not enough. Infact, it can often be harmful. It has been observed that sheer duplication of the dark side of life can often lead to apathy and passivity. This can be avoided by10 depicting the positive images or victory stories of women in whatever sphere they happen.There is need to produce programmes that talk about income gener ating schemes for women. Unfortunately, in these kinds of ventures normal womanly jobs like papad-making, sewing, embroidery, pickles making etc. are propagated. Stress should be given on non-traditional skills which can break the myth that women are suited to certain kinds of jobs only. A systematic survey of the existing schemes (Government/nonGovernment) and presentation of the analysis and changes needed to upgrade the schemes which would make them more purposeful is essential. The distance between women and media not only deprives the women of their right to information and knowledge but also keeps the women in the dark regarding the blatant misuse of the female and the distortion of the truth.Although the images of women as reflected by the different mass media in the country are not very different, it will be an interesting exercise to study how these images feed and reinforce the stereotypes. The distortion of realities by the media has increased the gap of understanding be tween the different sections of society. Effective informative communication is one of the most important descents for the growth and development of women in the informal or unorganized sector, as without information regarding services and benefits available through legislation, government schemes, banks and voluntary organizations, women can hardly take advantage of them. Thus the media should take into consideration the following points.(i) The media must project the working women in the unorganized sector as worker and not merely as performing the duties of wife/daughter. They being major earners, they must be project as producers and not merely consumers.11(ii) The media should make deliberate attempts to not only project the problems of women in poverty, but should monitor in such a way that conflicting role models are not depicted, nor uncomplimentary references to their work are made.(iii) To improve content and coverage, coordinated efforts for increased interaction betwee n NGOs, womens social action group, research organizations, institutes of mass communication, and the media personnel should be developed.There are quite a few Reports findings on the complex issues relating to women empowerment. Very often the media come up with study on women related subjects which more often than not are driven by market forces. One study claims that women take men with hybrid cars while another says women are genetically devised to shop. Then there is a study which says women are more attracted to bad boy types. This reveals that women have become new research subject in the main in less significant areas. In fact, research is necessary to understand women in its potentiality to gatekeeper in a new era. It is difficult to distinguish between genuine research and studies that are gimmicks more so when news reports do not identify where these studies are coming from.A large counterweight of the research findings published in major news outlets today is sensati onally packaged to draw attention. This is where the media must step in to help readers to know relevant facts concerning women empowerment. It will be only appropriate if in the interests of full disclosure, they should make clear in their reports who was funding the study and which scientific journal published it. This information can help readers to decide for themselves which pieces of research are closer to the truth and which are not.Various studies were undertaken on the women and media to ascertain how the media portrays women and how the women related issues are presented, how much significance is given to them. Such study has revealed that issues pertaining12 to development of women are never emphasized adequately. Women are portrayed not for feminine beauty and artistic portrayal but for infusing sex appeal more often than not entering the arena of obscenity. It is necessary to have undisturbed in-depth study by social activists and media to ascertain why obscenity has r isen so much in media. Unless there is any change in the social perception of women, it will be difficult to flash back obscenity in media.Women Journalist in MediaIn such a rapidly changing environment, women in media have a large responsibility in not only changing attitude towards women but also shaping public opinion. With women holding responsible position in newspapers or electronic media, their capability should extend to a wider area and a range of issues. More importantly, a woman journalist is evaluate to show more sensitivity to issues relating to women and to more meaningful insights and perspectives.Like most professions, in the media too, women have afflicted out boldly, beating a path, which is both impressive and inspiring. The last five years have seen them burbling out into the mainstream, acquiring hitherto unattainable positions and proving their mettle, be it the print or the television media. In short, women have become indispensable in the field. Womens o rganizations and media groups must play an active role in promoting this change. It is recreate that a wide variety of womens media initiatives are making a positive impact.Women have been latecomers in media profession owing to social, religious taboos which operated as social sanctions. The employment of women in media assumes crucial importance at this juncture of our economic development. Beside Independent Public Corporation of Media (DDAIR),13 the private owners of TV channels with ownership of tellurian outlets and satellite up linking facilities in country itself have flourished. This has brought a boom in employment thereby increasing the percentage of women media professionals.The rough estimates however show that although the number of women in both the media has increased in absolute terms, their ratio to men has more or less remained static. A deliberate policy for ensuring adequate representation of women both in the public and private sectors of the media is therefo re a must, not only for big(a) women a source of livelihood but also to ensure their adequate and effective representation, and to make the media real national and representative in character.A significant number of women journalists are very successful in magazines dealing with various problems of women and child. With sensitivity and skill for analyzing events in depth, issues such as women abuse and exploitation, harassment of women at workplace and the trauma of HIV infected women, female infanticide in rural areas find a bombastic place in such magazines. The magazines deal with the issues more in depth compared to newspapers and women are considered competent to handle such stories. As per a study in the NCR there are around 900 women journalists and even in cities like Chennai the number is impressive 200. Journalism is no more a male domain.This new trend has also led to a change in the portrayal of women in the media in general and newspaper in particular. It will not be out of context to mention here the success of Khabar Lahariya. A group of eight women belonging to backward class bring out this paper from the Bundelkhand region. This paper which is being funded by an NGO was started with an aim to encourage women to fight for their own rights. such kind of initiative are required in every nook and corner of our country, so as to empower the women at great deal root level.The risks women in the media face, both in the urban and rural areas, have also to be disadvantageously considered. As we move down, from the14 metropolitan towns and the state capitals, the risks increase. At the district and taluk levels, from where the bulk of the print media is published, and which are more news-worthy places for the local and regional news contents, there is more conservation, more rigid social outlook and greater resistance to social change and new trends. In these areas women join new professions like journalism sparingly. In remoter rural areas a woman journalist and particularly a reporter is a novelty not easily accepted and assimilated in the social milieu.The result is media women have to work almost in isolation particularly at the ground levels, if they are at all employed. The cases of sexual assault and harassment of women reporters are very often reported. Women in such cases have to take a calculated risk in joining the profession. Odd hours of job make the women journalists vulnerable. Recent murder of Ms. Soumya Vishwanathan, Producer of News TV channel in Delhi shows women journalist workers are more exposed to the risk of physical assault, even their life.It is noticed that more and more young graduates are joining the journalism degree and diploma courses, with an ambition to make a mark in the profession, and quite a good proportion of them are girls. With the rapid expansion, almost a proliferation of the electronic media through satellite channels, with the popularity of the FM on the radio and with the growth of the print media, notwithstanding the electronic media, now there is a good scope for absorption of both men and women qualified journalists in various media outlets. Women, young and old, are prepared to weather the risks. The society, therefore, must make arrangements to provide adequate security to the vulnerable section of women in the media to promote their participation at all levels.I find extremely appropriate here to refer to the recommendations made by the Joshi Committee regarding positive portrayal of women on Doordarshan. But these recommendations are equally relevant to all form of media. These recommendations, if followed in letter and spirit would certainly 15 go in long way in enhancement of womens empowerment and facilitate forceful reduction in cultural biases as well as gender biases. They are 1. The womens issue one of the utmost significance to the country as a whole and there is need for a widespread understanding that the nation cannot progress, as long as women are left behind as the lesser half of society.Therefore, the improvement of womens conditions, status and image must be defined to be a major objective for media channels. 2. The Government must at the earliest formulate clear guidelines regarding the positive portrayal of women on television. This portrayal must take note of women in all facts of their lives as workers and significant contributions to family survival and the national economy it must further endeavour to integrate women on terms of equality in all sectors of national life and the development process. These guidelines must emphasis that the womens dimension must from an integral part of all programmes and not be merely confined to Womens Programmes, nor to isolated attempts to discuss womens issues.3. The number of commercial formula films screened must be drastically reduced, the cheap song-and-dance sequence wholly eliminated and the content of such programmes carefully scrutinized in terms of their portray al of women.4. Women must not be portrayed in stereotyped images that emphasis passive, submissive qualities and encourage them to play a subordinate secondary role in the family and society. Both men and women should be portrayed in ways that encourage mutual respect and a spirit of give and take between the sexes.5. The foreign exchange resource should be worn out(p) on importing worthwhile educative programmes, particularly those that show the roles, lives and struggles of women in neighbouring and other Third cosmea countries so that a greater understanding and a shared perspective on problems is built. 166. It is necessary to ensure that a large number of rural women gain access to TV. Therefore, in the placement of community TV sets preference should be given to the meeting place of Mandals Mahila Mandals should also be involved in the community viewing arrangement.Everywhere the media has the potential to make a far greater contribution to the proficiency of women. They ca n create self-regulatory mechanisms that can help to eliminate misleading and improper gender based programming.Media, which wields commodious power in a democracy a power which is only expanding and not diminishing, needs carrying out a focused attention about women- related issues and the portrayal of women. It is, perhaps, necessary that the stabilizing force of women must be brought home to the Indian people. In every family and society, there is an ethical and spiritual space, which has been traditionally dominated by women. The principal character in Bernard Shaws Pygmalion bemoans, why cant woman be like man The media can play a salutary and a liberating role to give to the women the classifiable and the exclusive space, which must belong to them to enable them to generate the ethical and moralizing impulses for the entire society.The subject Women and Media is quite relevant in the present day context. From this platform the discussion on the subject is being initiated. Th e arguing on this issue is being proposed to be discussed at the State level and the Press Council is keen that seminars and workshops on this subject are organised at different States and at different levels. I sincerely hope that this initiative will be fruitful. Let this beginning be auspicious (Aiomaramba Subhaya Bhabatu).